Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome):

Caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, Down syndrome leads to varying levels of intellectual disability and may involve medical issues such as heart defects. Early therapy and medical support enable many individuals to live active, fulfilling lives, often into their 60s. It affects about 1 in 700 live births, and miscarriage occurs in roughly 30% of such pregnancies.

Monosomy X (Turner Syndrome):

Mostly affects females who have only one X chromosome instead of two. Many pregnancies end in miscarriage, but those carried to term may have heart defects, learning challenges, or infertility. Ongoing medical support and hormone therapy are often required.

Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome):

This condition results from an extra chromosome 18 and causes severe developmental and organ abnormalities, particularly of the heart, brain, and kidneys. Physical features may include cleft lip, small jaw, and clenched hands. Most pregnancies end in miscarriage, and few babies survive beyond the first year. It occurs in about 1 in 3,000 live births.

Klinefelter Syndrome:

Found in males with an extra X chromosome (XXY). It may cause learning or behavioral difficulties and infertility in adulthood. Around 1 in 1,000 male births are affected.

Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome):

An extra chromosome 13 leads to serious intellectual and physical disabilities affecting the heart, brain, and kidneys. Common visible signs include extra fingers or toes and facial clefts. Most affected pregnancies result in miscarriage, and survival beyond infancy is rare. It affects around 1 in 5,000 live births

Triple X Syndrome:

Seen in females with an extra X chromosome (XXX). They may be taller than average and could experience mild learning or behavioral issues. It occurs in about 1 in 800 female births.